Research & Development Expenditures in Science & Engineering at Universities & Colleges: 1980 - 1988[In millions of dollars.]Characteristic 1980 1983 1985 1986 1987 1988
Total 6,062 7,798 9,695 10,925 12,080 13,422
In 1982 dollars(1) 7,154 7,482 8,693 9,535 10,237 11,038
Basic research 4,024 5,265 6,556 7,512 8,343 8,870
Applied R&D 2,037 2,533 3,138 3,414 3,737 4,552
Source of funds:
All governments 4,588 5,577 6,809 7,624 8,349 9,287
Institutions'
own funds 835 1,256 1,632 1,877 2,114 2,314
Industry 238 378 559 692 807 892
Other 401 587 694 732 810 928
Fields:
Physical sciences 678 897 1,148 1,282 1,382 1,532
Astronomy 59 74 95 100 110 (NA)
Chemistry 245 335 422 468 508 (NA)
Physics 322 414 550 628 659 (NA)
Other physical
sciences 52 74 80 85 103 (NA)
Environmental
sciences 509 619 708 780 828 891
Atmospheric 67 98 110 124 132 (NA)
Earth sciences 188 216 253 275 286 (NA)
Oceanography 172 224 257 278 296 (NA)
Other environmental 82 81 89 103 118 (NA)
Mathematical
sciences 79 108 130 153 178 199
Computer sciences 114 175 281 318 372 410
Life sciences 3,218 4,233 5,278 5,895 6,476 7,236
Agricultural
sciences 679 896 1,055 1,144 1,169 (NA)
Biological
sciences 1,030 1,408 1,721 1,869 2,057 (NA)
Medical sciences 1,416 1,802 2,322 2,658 3,012 (NA)
Other life
sciences 92 128 187 223 240 (NA)
Psychology 111 139 158 170 188 214
Social sciences 342 354 387 458 499 550
Economics 91 96 118 133 144 (NA)
Political sciences 55 56 60 69 81 (NA)
Sociology 88 78 78 88 88 (NA)
Other social
sciences 108 124 131 169 184 (NA)
Other sciences 146 162 185 227 271 308
Engineering 866 1,111 1,419 1,642 1,885 2,084
NA=Not available.
1. Based on the gross national product implicit price deflator.